Santa Claus with Little Girl by MeeranUhm |
Popular opinion states that Santa Claus was inspired by Saint Nicholas - a kind hearted and generous bishop. So this is where we will start our search for the origin of Santa.
The Legend of Saint Nicholas
'Long ago, in a far off land known today as Turkey, there was a boy named Nicholas. Nicholas was a person who created numerous miracles and accomplished many good deeds. As a teenager, Nicholas inherited a vast fortune, but he had no idea what to do with it. Wanting to help those less fortunate than himself, Nicholas set out to make the wishes of others come true. While Nicholas knew the townspeople needed his held, he was also aware that they were a very proud people, so Nicholas decided to help his friends secretly.
Each night, Nicholas would disguise himself and deliver such items as food, clothing, and money to the people of his village. Of all the townspeople, Nicholas felt the closest bond with one specific family. In this family, there were three daughters. Sadly, the family was very poor and the father felt much pain over the fact that he couldn't afford the weddings of each daughter. In his desire to help the family, Nicholas left a bag of gold on the father's doorstep as the wedding of the eldest daughter approached.
Saint Nicholas of Myra by Vicki Shuck |
Nicholas didn't want the father to make his identity known and had the man promise to keep it a secret. However, the father's gratitude was so great that he was unable to keep his promise and soon the whole town knew that Nicholas was responsible for the acts of generosity which had been happening throughout the entire town.
Every year, in December, Nicholas took it upon himself to reward all the girls and boys who had been good during the year by giving them gifts. And he is still remembered today for his kindness, generosity and love for the children. In honour of this great saint, countries across the world give gifts to children on the day of Saint Nicholas, December 6th.
Who was Saint Nicholas?
Stained Glass Window of St. Nicholas & a Chorister |
The first known reference of Saint Nicholas dates back to between 510 and 515, with the writer Theodor, lector of Byzantinum, in the book 'Tripartite History. This literature is entirely dependant on three 5th century historians: Socrates, Sozomen, and Theodor. His name appears within Theodor's list of participants of the Council of Nicaea, where it says, 'Nicholas of Myra of Lycia.'
Several churches were built in his name - Emperor Theodosius II (401-550) had a church constructed in Myra which became known as the Church of St. Nicholas, while the Roman Emperor Justinian (527-565) restored a St. Nicholas church just outside of the summer palace of Blachernes. The most significant documentation of Saint Nicholas appears in the biography of bishop Nicholas of Sion, where we are told, 'And going down to the metropolis of Myra, he went off to the martyrium of the glorious Saint Nicholas.' This is considered to be 'confirmation that the man who would become Santa once existed.'
While we know that he existed, Saint Nicholas remains elusive, even to the scholars who dedicate much of their life to studying him. It is believed that Saint Nicholas served as a bishop in the 4th century in the town of Myra. The first known 'biography' of this saint dates to the 8th or 9th century, long after his death, when a collection of tales about him was compiled by a Greek monk known as Michael the Archimadrite.
Those that have attempted to piece his life together have little to go on and rely on traditions and the few clues which remain from the times in which he lived. Most of what we think we know is legend with no historical record.
Other Legends of the Good Saint Nicholas
Santa Claus |
Another legend explains how Nicholas became a bishop. It is said that Nicholas believed that God would want him to live amongst the people, so he travelled to Myra, where the Archbishop had recently died. Here the bishops were trying to choose a successor. According to the legend the oldest bishop dreamed that he had been commanded to watch the doors of the cathedral the following morning and the first person to enter with the name Nicholas should be made bishop. On the following morning Nicholas entered the cathedral and was immediately consecrated as Archbishop of Myra.
Throughout much of Europe Nicholas is known as the patron saint of schoolboys. According to one legend, the devil came to the gates of a school in the middle of Saint Nicholas's feast day disguised as a beggar and a father, who honoured Saint Nicholas, sent his son to give this beggar money. However, the boy was strangled by the demon. Heartbroken, the father took his dead son into the house, crying, 'Saint Nicholas, is this my reward for the honours I have given you?' Saint Nicholas heard the man and resurrected his son.
Nicholas of Myra |
Other legends of Saint Nicholas are set during a trip by sea to Egypt and Palestine. During a storm, Nicholas is said to have calmed to ocean. When a sailor fell from a ship's mast and died, he was brought back to life by Nicholas. Another tale tells of how an immoral sea captain tried to kidnap Nicholas but failed when a storm pushed the ship towards Myra, where Nicholas simply stepped off the ship and walked across the water back to land.
And the legends of his kindness don't end with his death. The Crusaders from over seven hundred years after the death of Saint Nicholas credited him with freeing them from prison, restoring their health, and form blessing them with visions when they prayed to him.
St. Nicholas Saving Those in Danger at Sea |
So Nicholas became the patron saint of children and, in addition, he is also said to have watched over seafarers, with 'several stories about him... [sounding] remarkably like activities previously attributed to Poseidon or Neptune.' As seafarers were most often both travellers and merchants, Nicholas 'also became the patron saint of travellers in general, and merchants, and bankers, and even pawnbrokers.'
Throughout his life, Nicholas gained a reputation for his acts of kindness. He is said to have saved the people of the city from famine and, when he died on December 6th 343, the people believed him to be a worker of miracles. During the years following his death, Nicholas gained in popularity. In around 1000 AD the legends of Saint Nicholas were taken to Russia, Lapps and Samoyeds. He became the patron saint of Russia, amongst other countries and the custom of giving gifts on Nicholas' saint day, December 6th and the day of his death, came into being.
Judgement and Punishment
While Saint Nicholas is most often portrayed as generous and kind, some of the legends tell us that he was also a stern disciplinarian. In 14th century French monastic schools, a monk dressed as Saint Nicholas would question and reprimand children, rewarding good children with sweets and cane the bad children with traditional birch twigs. Over the next century this tradition of judgement, reward, and punishment spread to common households.
Naughty children were often left a birch rod, with the people of Holland giving the following explanation: 'The monks of a certain church wanted the responses of Saint Nicholas sung in church. The abbot refused, saying, 'I consider this music worldly and profane, and shall never give permission for it to be used in my church.' The good saint, long dead and living in heaven, heard these words. Nicholas... was so angered by the abbot's words that he descended from heaven in a rage, dragged the abbot out of bed by the hair, and beat him with a birch rod until he was nearly dead. The point was well taken: from that day, the responses were included in the service.'
Sinterklaas and Black Pete |
The Saint's Companion by Nashoba-Hostina |
So far Saint Nicholas seems to have little connection with Christmas. Legend states that he was generous but was also judgemental of naughty children, and would punish them, whether it was with a birch stick or a piece of coal. We also have something of an origin for sitting on Santa's knee while he asks you if you've been good or bad. However, he is connected with the eve and day of December 6th, not December 25th, with the only connection being the month of December. And what of the red suit, the beard, the reindeer, the elves, and Santa's sleigh? And what of Black Peter?
It is commonly believed that the Dutch brought Saint Nicholas with them to America. However, Saint Nicholas did not appear in America until after Santa Claus became established and the legend that the Dutch brought this figure with them to America was 'invented by Washington Irving in an 1809 satire, the fictional 'Knickerbocker History', and has no basis in fact.' Evidently there are aspects of the legends of Saint Nicholas within modern Christmas customs, but we are still missing many of the details.
Next time we will further explore the origins of Santa and our modern Christmas customs and traditions, including a closer look at Zwarte Piet and some of the other figures who may factor into our modern perception of Santa Claus.
Useful Resources
Saint Nicholas by Joe Wheeler
The True Saint Nicholas: Why He Matters to Christmas by William J. Bennett
Bad Santas: and other creepy Christmas characters by Paul Hawkins
Christmas: A Candid History by Bruce David Forbes
Explorers, Fortunes and Love Letters by New Netherland Institute
Christmas: Its Carols, Customs and Legends by Ruth Heller
Santa Claus, Last of the Wild Men by Phylis Siefker
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