Mythical Creatures: The Giants of Greece and Rome - Part Two

Today we are going to learn about the second generation of Titans and look at some of the myths in which they appear.  According to Hesiod’s Theogony:

Iapetos led the daughter of Okeanos, beautiful-ankled

Klymene and went with her up to the same bed.

She gave birth to Atlas and produced

The exceedingly glorious Menoitios and Prometheus,

Changeful, slippery-counseled, and erring minded Epimetheus

Who proved an evil for men who each what the soil yields.

 

Prometheus Creating Man from Clay by Constantin Hansen

Prometheus

Prometheus is probably the most well-known second generation Titan, first appearing in Hesiod’s Theogony and Works and Days, and is credited by Apollodorus for the creation of man from clay.  As the Theogony tells us, Prometheus, meaning ‘forethought’, was born of Iapetos and Klymene, also spelled Clymene, or Themis.  Unlike most of the Titans, he fought with the gods and was rewarded for his part in the war.  Hesiod tells us that Prometheus helped to establish sacrifice amongst mankind by tricking Zeus: 

For when gods and mortal men were making a settlement

at Mekone, at that time Prometheus divided with eager spirit
a great ox and set it before him, seeking to beguile the mind of Zeus.

For him, Prometheus covered flesh and innards rich in fat
with the ox’s stomach and set them down wrapped in the hide.
For them, he covered the ox’s white bones with shining fat
and, well arranging them for his cunning trick, set them down.
Then the father of men and gods addressed him:
‘Son of Iapetos, most conspicuous of all lords,
dear sir, how partially you divide the portions.’
Thus spoke Zeus who knows imperishable counsels, chiding him.
Again, Prometheus of crooked counsel addressed him,
smiling slightly, and he did not forget his cunning trick:
‘Very noble Zeus, greatest of the gods who are for always,
choose whichever of these the spirit in your breast bids you.’
He spoke, planning cunning.  Zeus who knows imperishable counsels
recognized and was not ignorant of the cunning, but he eyed evils
with his mind for mortal men, that he intended to fulfil.
With both hands, he took the white fat,
and grew angry around his breast, and bitter bile entered his mind
when he saw the ox’s white bones in a cunning trick.
From then on, for the immortals the tribes of men on earth
burn white bones on fragrant altars.

Prometheus by Jean Delville

Zeus is infuriated by Prometheus’ trickery, but does not punish him until Prometheus steals fire for humans.

From this time, always mindful of his wrath,

He would not give the strength of weariless fire
To the ash trees for mortal men who dwell on earth.
But good son of Iapetos deceived him,
Stealing the far-seen beam of weariless fire
In a hollow fennel stalk.  It stung anew Zeus
High thunderer in his spirit, and he raged in his heart
When he saw among men the far-seen beam of fire.

The theft of fire was a wrong that Zeus could not ignore and he sought to punish Prometheus, who was chained and repeatedly attacked by an eagle, which pecked out his liver.  Being immortal, Prometheus' liver regrew, allowing the eagle to remove it again and again.

…  He bound
The changeful-planning Prometheus with unbreakable fetters,
Painful bonds, and drove them through the middle of a pillar.
And he sent a long-winged eagle upon him.  Further, it ate
His deathless liver, but there grew back all over during the night
As much as the bird of long wings had eater during the whole day.

The Liberation of Prometheus by Carl Bloch

Prometheus is later granted his freedom when he helps Heracles in his eleventh labour:

The stout son of Alkmene of the beautiful ankles,

Heracles, slew it, and warded off the evil sickness
For Iapetos’s son and released him from troubles,
Not against Olympian Zeus’s will, who was contriving on high
In order that the renown of Theban-born Heracles
Might be more than before over the much-nourishing earth.
So respecting him, he honoured his conspicuous son.
Although angry, he let off the wrath he had before against
Prometheus because he rivalled the very mighty Kronios in designs.

The following myth tells us of Prometheus’ theft of fire.

Prometheus and the Theft of Fire

There once lived a race of huge giants called Titans.  These giants were fierce, turbulent, and lawless – always fighting among themselves and against Jupiter, the king of the gods.

One of the Titans, whose name was Prometheus, was wiser than the rest.  He often thought about what would be likely to happen in the future.

The Battle Between the Gods and the Titans 1600 - Joachim Wtewael

One day, Prometheus said to his brother Titans: ‘What is the use of wasting so much strength?  In the end, wisdom and forethought will win.  If we are going to fight against the gods, let us choose a leader and stop quarrelling among ourselves.’
The Titans answered him by a shower of great rocks and uprooted trees.
Prometheus, after escaping unhurt, said to his youngest brother: ‘Come, Epimetheus, we can do nothing among these Titans.  If they keep on, they will tear the earth to pieces.  Let us go and help Jupiter overcome them.’
Epimetheus agreed to this, and the two brothers went over to Jupiter, who called the gods together and began a terrible battle.  The Titans tore up enormous boulders and cast them at the gods, while Jupiter hurled his thunderbolts and his lightnings in all directions.  Soon the sky was a sheet of flame, the sea boiled, the earth trembled, and the forests took fire and began to burn.
At last the gods – partly by the help of the wise counsel of Prometheus – conquered the Titans, took them to the ends of the earth, and imprisoned them in a deep underground cavern.  Neptune, the sea-god, made strong bronze gates with heavy bolts and bars, to keep the giants down, while Jupiter sent Briareus and his brothers, three giants with fifty heads and a hundred hands each, to stand guard over them.
All but one of the Titans who had fought against the gods were imprisoned in this cavern.  This one who was not shut in with the others was Atlas, whose enormous strength was greater than that of his brothers, while his disposition was less quarrelsome.  He was made to stand and hold up the sky on his head and hands.
As the Titans could now make no more trouble, there was comparative peace and quiet on the earth.  Nevertheless, Jupiter said that, although the men who remained on the earth were not so strong as the Titans, they were a foolish and wicked race.  He declared that he would destroy them - sweep them away, and have done with them, forever.
When their king said this, none of the gods dared to say a word defence of mankind.  But Prometheus, the Titan, who was earth-born himself, and loved these men of the earth, begged Jupiter so earnestly to spare them, that Jupiter consented to do so.

Gift of the Titans by alprz

At this time, men lived in dark, gloomy caves.  Their friend, Prometheus, taught them to build simple houses, which were much more comfortable than the caves had been.  This was a great step forward, but men needed more help yet from the Titan.  The beasts of the forest, and the great birds that built their nests on the rocks, were strong but men were weak.  The lion had sharp claws and teeth; the eagle had wings; the turtle had a hard shell; but man, although he stood upright with his face towards the stars, had no weapon with which he could defend himself.
Prometheus said that man should have Jupiter’s wonderful flower of fire, which shone so brightly in the sky.  So he took a hollow reed, went up to Olympus, stole the red flower of fire, and brought it down to earth in his reed.
After this, all the other creatures were afraid of man, for this red flower had made him stronger than they.  Man dug iron out of the earth, and by the help of his new fire made weapons that were sharper than the lion’s teeth; he tamed the wild cattle by the fear of it, yoked them together, and taught them how to draw the plough; he sharpened strong stakes, hardening them in its heat, and set them around his house as a defence from his enemies; he did many other things besides with the red flower that Prometheus had made to blossom at the end of the reed.


Prometheus by midoriharada

Jupiter, sitting on his throne, saw with alarm how strong man was becoming.  One day he discovered the theft of his shining red flower, and knew that Prometheus was the thief.  He was greatly displeased at this act.
‘Prometheus loves man too well,’ said he.  ‘He shall be punished.’  Then he called his two slaves, Strength and Force, and told them to take Prometheus and bind him fast to a great rock in the lonely Caucasian Mountains.  At the same time he ordered Vulcan, the lame smith-god, to rivet the Titan’s chains – in a cunning way that only Vulcan knew.
There Prometheus hung on the rock for hundreds of years.  The sun shone on him pitilessly, by day – only the kindly night gave him shade.  He heard the rushing wings of the sea-gulls, as they came to feed their young who cried from the rocks below.  The sea-nymphs floated up to his rock to give him their pity.  A vulture, cruel as the king of the gods, came daily and tore him with its claws and beak.
But this frightful punishment did not last forever.  Prometheus himself knew that some day he should be set free, and this knowledge made him strong to endure.
At last the time came when Jupiter’s throne was in danger, and Prometheus, pitying his enemy, told him a secret which helped him to make everything safe again.  After this, Jupiter sent Hercules to shoot the vulture and to break the Titan’s chains.  So Prometheus was set free.

The Burden of Atlas by Alexeei

Atlas

 

Atlas, meaning ‘the Bearer’ or ‘Daring’ or ‘Sufferer’, was the son of Iapetus and Clymene and himself fathered the Pleiades, Hyades, and Hesperides by Aethra, a daughter of Oceanos.  During the war between the Titans and the gods, Atlas was the ruler of Atlantis, which was flooded and destroyed by the newly emerging gods.  In vengeance, Atlas fought against the gods and, when the Titans lost, Zeus punished Atlas by ordering him to bear the weight of the world on his shoulders.

Atlas holds wide Heaven beneath powerful necessity,

Standing on the boundaries of the Gaia before the clear-toned
Hesperides, on his head and weariless arms.  This portion
Counsellor Zeus distributed to him.

While Atlas was punished for his role in the war, he does gain brief freedom from his duties when he appears in the eleventh labour of Heracles, in which Heracles is given the task of obtaining the golden apples of the Herperides.

Heracles by Jumbod

Eleventh Labour: the apples of the Hesperides

The eleventh task imposed by Eurystheus was to bring him the golden apples of the Hesperides, which grew on a tree presented by Gaea to Hera, on the occasion of her marriage with Zeus.  This sacred tree was guarded by four maidens, daughters of Night, called the Herperides, who were assisted in their task by a terrible hundred-headed dragon.  This dragon never slept, and out of his hundred throats came a constant hissing sound, which effectually warned off all intruders.  But what rendered the undertaking still more difficult was the complete ignorance of the hero as to the locality of the garden, and he was forced, in consequence, to make many fruitless journeys and to undergo many trials before he could find it.

Apples of Hesperides by RavenclawRadiance

He first travelled through Thessaly and arrived at the river Echedorus, when he met the giant Cycnus, the son of Ares and Pyrene, who challenged him to single combat.  In this encounter Heracles completely vanquished his opponent, who was killed in the contest; but now mightier adversary appeared on the scene, for the war-god himself came to avenge his son.  A terrible struggle ensued, which had lasted some time, when Zeus interfered between the brothers, and put an end to the strife by hurling a thunderbolt between them.  Heracles proceeded on his journey, and reached the banks of the river Eridanus, where dwelt the Nymphs, daughters of Zeus and Themis.  On seeking advice from them as to his route, they directed him to the old sea-god Nereus, who alone knew the way to the Garden of the Hesperides.  Heracles found him asleep, and seizing the opportunity, held him so firmly in his powerful grasp that he could not possibly escape, so that notwithstanding his various metamorphoses he was at last compelled to give the information required.  The hero then crossed over to Libya, where he engaged in a wrestling-match with king Anteos, son of Poseidon and Gaea, which terminated fatally for his antagonist.


Hercules.2 by LauraTolton

From thence he proceeded to Egypt, where reigned Busiris, another son of Poseidon, who (acting on the advice given by an oracle during a time of great scarcity) sacrificed all strangers to Zeus.  When Heracles arrived he was seized and dragged to the altar, but the powerful demi-god burst asunder his bonds, and then slew Busiris and his son.
Resuming his journey he now wandered on through Arabia until he arrived at Mount Caucasus, where Prometheus groaned in unceasing agony.  It was at this time that Heracles… shot the eagle which had so long tortured the noble and devoted friend of mankind.  Full of gratitude for his deliverance, Prometheus instructed him how to find his way to that remote region in the far West where Atlas supported the heavens on his shoulders, near which lay the Garden of the Hesperides.  He also warned Heracles not to attempt to secure the precious fruit himself, but to assume for a time the duties of Atlas and to despatch him for the apples.
On arriving at his destination Heracles followed the advice of Prometheus.  Atlas, who willingly entered into the arrangement, contrived to put the dragon to sleep, and then, having cunningly outwitted the

The Golden Apples of the Hesperides by Jun-Pierre Shiozawa

Herperides, carried off three of the golden apples, which he brought to Heracles.  But when the latter was prepared to relinquish his burden, Atlas, having once tasted the delights of freedom, declined to resume his post, and announced his intention of being himself the bearer of the apples to Eurystheus, leaving Heracles to fill his place.  To this proposal the hero feigned assent, merely begging that Atlas would be kind enough to support the heavens for a few moments whilst he contrived a pad for his head.  Atlas good-naturedly threw down the apples and once more resumed his load, upon which Heracles bade him adieu, and departed.
When Heracles conveyed the golden appled to Eurystheus the latter presented them to the hero, whereupon Heracles placed the sacred fruit on the altar of Pallas-Athene, who restored them to the garden of the Hesperides.

Menoitius, during the War of the Titans - artist unknown

Menoitios

Like Atlas, Menoitios fought against the gods in the war against the Titans.  This titan is somewhat obscure.  Very little is known about him and the little that is known comes from Hesiod's Theogony.  The Theogony tells us that Zeus punishes him for his role in the war, by sending condemning him to the eternal darkness of Erebus.  Most scholars tend to assume that Menoitios' imprisonment was due to his part in the war between the gods and the Titans.  Unfortunately later authors haven't provided any further information.

…  Wide-seeing Zeus sent insolent Menoitios down
Into Erebos, striking him with smoldering lightning,
Because of his rashness and excessive manliness.

Epimetheus

Epimetheus is credited with having endowed the creatures of the earth with certain attributes, such as speed and strength.  He also helped his brother Prometheus with forming the attributes of humans, as well as encouraging Prometheus to steal fire from the gods.  Epimetheus was married to Pandora and, according to Hesiod, was in part responsible for the damage wrought by Pandora's curiosity.

 

...changeful, slippery-counselled, and erring-minder Epimetheus

who proved an evil for men who eat what the soil yields.

He was first to receive under his roof Zeus's molded woman

virgin.

Epimetheus Receiving Pandora by Henry Howard

Epimetheus can be found in the following myth of Pandora and the box of troubles.

How Troubles Came into the World

A very long time ago, in the Golden Age, everyone was good and happy.  It was always spring; the earth was covered with flowers and only gentle winds blew to set the flowers dancing.

No one had any work to do.  People lived on mountain strawberries, which were always to be had for the gathering, and on wild grapes, blackberries, and sweet acorns, which grew plentifully in the oak forests.  Rivers flowed with milk and nectar.  Even the bees did not need to lay up honey, for it fell in tiny drops from the trees.  There was abundance everywhere.
In all the whole world, there was not a sword, nor any weapon by means of which men might fight with one another.  No one had ever heard of any such thing.  All the iron and the gold were buried deep underground.

Hermes bears Pandora to Epimetheus by Jean Alaux

Besides, people were never ill; they had no troubles of any kind; and never grew old.
The two brothers, Prometheus and Epimetheus, lived in those wonderful days.  After stealing the fire for man, Prometheus knowing that Jupiter would be angry, decided to go away for a time on a distant journey; but before he went, he warned Epimetheus not to receive any gifts from the gods.
One day, after Prometheus had been gone for some time, Mercury came to the cottage of Epimetheus, leading by the hand a beautiful young woman, whose name was Pandora.  She had a wreath of partly opened rosebuds on her head, a number of delicate gold chains twisted lightly around her neck, and wore a filmy veil which fell nearly to the hem of her tunic.  Mercury presented her to Epimetheus, saying the gods had sent this gift that he might not be lonesome.
Pandora had such a lovely face that Epimetheus could not help believing that the gods had sent her to him in good faith.  So he paid no heed to the warning of Prometheus, but took Pandora into his cottage, and found that the days passed much more quickly and pleasantly when she was with him.
Soon, the gods sent Epimetheus another gift.  This was a heavy box, which the satyrs brought to the cottage, with directions that it was not to be opened.  Epimetheus let it stand in a corner of his cottage; for by this time he had begun to think that the caution of Prometheus about receiving gifts from the gods was altogether unnecessary.

Pandora's Box by LMessecar

Often, Epimetheus was away all day, hunting or fishing or gathering grapes from the wild vines that grew along the river banks.  On such days, Pandora had nothing to do but to wonder what was in the mysterious box.  One day her curiosity was so great that she lifted the lid a very little and peeped in.  The result was similar to what would have happened had she lifted the cover of a beehive.  Out rushed a great swarm of little winged creatures, and before Pandora knew what had happened, she was stung.  She dropped the lid and ran out of the cottage, screaming.  Epimetheus, who was just coming in at the door, was well stung, too.
The little winged creatures that Pandora had let out of the box were Troubles, the first that had ever been seen in the world.  They soon flew about and spread themselves everywhere, pinching and stinging whenever they got the chance.
After this, people began to have headaches, rheumatism, and other illnesses; and instead of being always kind and pleasant to one another, as they had been before the Troubles were let out of the box, they became unfriendly and quarrelsome.  They began to grow old, too.
Nor was it always spring any longer.  The fresh young grasses that had clothed all the hillsides and the gay-coloured flowers that had given Epimetheus and Pandora so much pleasure, were scorched by hot summer suns, and bitten by the frosts of autumn.  Oh, it was a sad thing for the world, when all those wicked little Troubles were let loose!


Pandora's Hope by BloodMoonEquinox

All the Troubles escaped from the box, but when Pandora let the lid fall so hastily, she shut in one little winged creature, a kind of good fairy whose name was Hope.  This little Hope persuaded Pandora to let her out.  As soon as she was free, she flew about the world, undoing all the evil that the Troubles had done, that is, as fast as one good fairy could undo the evil work of such a swarm.  No matter what evil thing had happened to poor mortals, she always found some way to comfort them.  She fanned aching heads with her gossamer wings; she brought back the colour to pale cheeks; and, best of all, she whispered to those who were growing old that they should one day be young again.
So this is the way that Troubles came into the world, but we must not forget that Hope came with them.

That's all for today.  In the next post, we will look at the last of the giants of Greek mythology.

Useful Resources

Favorite Greek Myths by Lilian Stoughton Hyde

Yetis, Sasquatch & Hairy Giants by David Hatcher Childress
Myths and Legends of Ancient Greece and Rome by E.M. Berens
Theogony by Hesoid
Ancient Greek Beliefs by Perry L. Westmoreland
Giants, Monsters, and Dragons: An Encyclopedia of Folklore, Legend, and Myth by Carol Rose

Mythology, Legend and Folklore of the Sky - Part One - The Aurora

Definition of Aurora: 'a natural electrical phenomenon characterised by the appearance of streamers of reddish or greenish light in the sky, especially near the northern or southern magnetic pole.  The effect is caused by the interaction of charged particles from the sun with atoms in the upper atmosphere.  In northern and southern regions it is respectively called aurora borealis or Northern Lights and aurora australis or Southern Lights.'

 Original

Ezekiel, a prophet of ancient Israel is believed to have written the following in the 6th century BC, '... a whirlwind came out of the north, a great cloud, and a fire infolding itself, and a brightness was about it, and out of the midst thereof as the colour of amber, out of the midst of fire.'  Aristotle, the Greek philosopher also observed the aurora in 344BC, which he compared with flames from known sources on Earth.  The term 'aurora borealis' was coined by Galileo Galilei in 1619 after Aurora, the Roman goddess of morning.  Galileo believed the aurora was cause by sunlight reflecting from the atmosphere.  The Romans called the aurora 'chasmate' meaning the mouths of celestial caves.

I have always been fascinated by the aurora and it seems I'm not alone.  This spectacular light displate has awed people the world over since prehistoric times and has inspired the creation of fantastical stories.  The oldest recorded sighting of the aurora comes from China in 2600BC: 'Fu-Pan, the mother of the Yellow Empire Shuan-Yuan, saw strong lightning moving around the star Su, which belongs to the constellation of Bei-Dou, and the light illuminated the whole area.'

1570AD A depiction of the Aurora Borealis

Original

The Aurora and the Souls of the Dead

Many aurora folktales centre around the same theme - spirits and souls of the dead.  In some parts of Greenland it was believed  the lights were the dead trying to communicate with their family and friends.  In eastern Greenland, the Eskimos believed that the Aurora's lights were the spirits of children dancing and their dancing is what causes the lights to swirl and stream and ribbon its way across the sky.  The Kwakiutl and Tlingit of Southeastern Alaska and the Salteaus Indians of eastern Canada, who had a similar belief, also see souls dancing.  And not all souls and spirits had to be human.  According to the Eskimos of the lower Yukon River believed that the dancing spirits were those of animals, especially the spirits of deer, seal, salmon and beluga.  In Labrador, the Inuits have the following story:

An etching/aquatint by Inuit artist Germaine Arnaktauyok, 

depicts the arsarnerit legend, in which Inuit ancestors play football with a walrus skull.

Original 

    The ends of the land and sea are bounded by an immense abyss, over which a narrow and dangerous pathway leads to the heavenly regions.  The shy is a great dome of hard material ached over the earth.  There is a hole in it through which the spirits pass to the true heavens.  Only the spirit of those who have died a voluntary or violent death, and the raven, have been over this pathway.  The spirits who live there light torches to guide the feet of new arrivals.  This is the light of the aurora.  They can be seen there feasting and playing football with a walrus skull.
    The whistling crackling noise which sometimes accompanies the aurora is the voices of these spirits trying to communicate with the people of the earth.  They should always be answered in a whispering  voice.  Youths and small boys dance to the aurora.  The heavenly spirits are called selamiut 'sky-dweller,' those who live in the sky.

Unfortunately, not all spirits were considered kind or benign.  To the Latvians, who saw the northern lights as the warrior souls of the dead fighting, a red aurora observed during the winter foretold disaster.  The Wisconsin Fox Indians, who had a very similar belief, interpreted the Aurora Borealis as the coming of war and disease, saw the restless ghosts of their slain foes attempting to rise up for vengeance.   

The Gods

It has been suggested that the reflections of the Valkyries' shields is the way in which the aurora borealis is represented in Norse mythology.  This seems fitting as the Valkyries were the assistants of Odin, the Sky god. 
Those from Denmark and Sweden believed the aurora came from a volcano far in the north, put there by the gods to give humanity light and warmth. 
Another belief based on gods comes from the Australian Aborigines who thought the colourful display was the gods dancing across the skies of the south.

(c1890)

'Ride of the Valkyries' by Henry De Groux

Original 

Animals of the Land and Sea

Finland have numerous tales about the origin of the northern lights, which they call revontulet, meaning fox fire.  The most common story tells of the Arctic Fox and his bushy tale.  As the fox ran through the snow, his brush-like tail would touch the mountains, causing sparks to fly up and illuminate the sky above.
An old Scandinavian name for the aurora borealis translates as 'herring flash' and they some believed that the aurora was a reflection vast swarms of herring cast into the sky.

Revontuli by t-omena

Original

Mythical Creatures

The Scottish called the northern lights the  'Merry Dancers', which they believed to be supernatural entities dancing in the heavens.  This belief seems to be common in some other regions. The following poem is from the Manx people of the Isle of Man:

The Merry Dancers

The merry dancers are out to-night,
In the northern heavens they skip and go;
Manx Jane says they're fairies tripping it light,
On their own fantastic fairy toe.

She says, now and then they hold a ball,
When the queen takes the lead as she held the first chance;
And the half of the sky is their splendid hall,
And the moon and bright stars all join in the dance.

Right merry they trip near to sunrise,
When they take themselves off to Mona's fair isle;
Where in mountain and glen they often surprise
The early sheep folks, and oft them bequile

To follow them on to here and to there,
Till they all lose the way and half daft with fright,
Slink down in the Curraghs done up with despair,
Till the full light of day sets them again all to right.

When they gather the flocks that were frighten'd away,
To lead them to pasture wherever 'tis green;
And know by its richness where fairies do stray;
For grass grows the greenest where fairies have been.

Thus, north of the Isle you'll find the best land,
Where everything grows luxuriant and fine;
The 'reason why' is that the fairies' light wand
Waves over it a blessing that's almost Divine.

Photograph by J.C. Casado

Original 

The Russians believed that the Aurora was a fire dragon, Ognenniy Zmey, who is said to have seduced women during the absence of their husbands.  A similar belief comes from the Iroquois of Native America whose folklore states that the maiden Awenhai believed she had been seduced by the Fire Dragon, or Aurora Borealis.  It has been suggested by some that the Chinese Torch Dragon is 'a mythical interpretation of the aurora borealis.'  A portrayal of the Torch Dragon from between the 3rd century BC and the 1st century AD is as follows:

    'Beyond the northwest seas, north of the River Scarlet there is Mount Brillianttail.  There is a god-human here with a human face and a snake's body, and he is scarlet.  He has vertical eyes that are in a straight seam.  When this deity closes his eyes, there is darkness.  When the deity look with his eyes, there is light.  He neither eats, nor sleeps, nor breathes.  The wind and the rain are at his beck and call.  This deity shines his torch over the ninefold darkness.  This deity is Torch Dragon.

Fear of the Aurora

Not all folktales portray the Aurora as nonthreatening.  The Sami people from Lapland believed that one should tread carefully and quietly when the northern lights were observed.  Mocking them may cause the lights to descend and kill.  Eskimos of Alaska also saw the Aurora as something to be feared and carried weapons to protect themselves when the northern lights were visible.  In the Faroe Islands, children would not venture outdoors during the Aurora because they feared the lights would strike them and singe their hair.

Lapps hunting by the Aurora Borealis from 'Under the Rays of the 

Aurora Borealis' 1882-1883 Bomholt, International Polar Research Expedition

 Original

That's it for today, dear readers.  In part two I'll be focusing on the sun and the moon in folklore, myth and legend.  Until next time.


Useful Resources

http://www.unmuseum.org/7wonders/northernlights.htm
http://www.windows2universe.org/mythology/valkiries_northernlight.html
http://www.ewebtribe.com/NACulture/articles/aurora.html
http://www.chilloutpoint.com/featured/stunning-images-and-legends-of-the-northern-lights-aurora-borealis.html
http://www.globalbioweather.com/aurora_mythology.html
http://dennismammana.com/skyinfo/astrofacts/aurora_folklore.htm
http://www.mythologydictionary.com/aurora-borealis-mythology.html
https://wiki.oulu.fi/display/SpaceWiki/Auroral+folklore
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/themis/auroras/aurora_history.html#.VFeIC2eKhdg

The Data Book of Astronomy by Patrick Moore
Aurora: The Northern Lights in Mythology, History and Science by Harald Falck-Ytter
Deadfall by Robert Liparulo
Manxiana; Rhymes and Legends... First Series, Etc by J. E. Pattison
Heaven and Earth in Early Han Thought: Chapters Three, Four, and Five of the Huainanzi by John S. Major
The Classic of Mountains and Seas by Anne Birrell