The Origin of Santa Claus and the Customs of Christmas: Part Three

Yesterday we looked at some of the other characters who may have led to our modern Santa Claus.  Today we will be examining some of the festivals which may have helped to inspire Christmas and our modern traditions.

Yule

Nativity Scene by dashinvaine

 Yule was once celebrated for a month of every year.  It was called Thor's month and began on the longest night of the year, which was given the name 'Mother Night'.   Here we can find a scene much like that of the Christian Nativity.  A 'Norse Yule tradition has a manger scene depicting a birth of a Sacred Child from a Sacred Mother.'  The similarities between the Norse manger scene and the Christian manger scene make it plain how 'Christian beliefs were superimposed upon the pre-Christian beliefs.'

While 'Mother Day' took place between December 24th and 25th, Yule, or the Winter Solstice, took place around December 21st or 22nd, which was the shortest day and the longest night for those living in the Northern Hemisphere.  The festival was to mark the death and rebirth of the Sun god, Freyr, who was believed to become 'weak and sick' in the winter.  The Yule festival was a celebration which helped him to recover.

Yule was considered by the Northern races to be the greatest feast of the year.   It was a time for feasting and joy, for it heralded the return of the sun.  This festival was called Yule, meaning 'wheel', because, to the Norse, the sun resembled a wheel which rapidly revolves across the sky.  This belief inspired a custom in England and Germany, where the people assembled on a mountain and set fire to a huge wooden wheel, twined with straw.  Once it was on fire, the wheel was rolled down the hill into water at the base of the hill.

Wheel of fire by Monkeygrip

 'Some others get a rotten Wheele, all worn and cast aside,
Which, covered round with strawe and tow, they closely bide;
And carved to some mountaines top, being all with fire light,
They hurle it down with violence, when darke appears at night;
Resembling much to the sunne, that from the Heavens down should fal,
A strange and monstrous sight it seems, and fearful to them all;
But they suppose their mischiefs are all likewise throwne to hell,
And that, from harmes and dangers now, in saftie here they dwell.'
Naogeogus.

Traditionals Scandinavian Tree

Modern Christmas traditions find us decorating trees and hanging  holly and mistletoe to decorate our houses.  All of these traditions find their roots in the celebrations of Yule from long ago.  Evergreen trees were a reminder of summer, when the sun god was strong and healthy. 

Under the mistletoe by Nakiloe

Holly is the plant of the winter goddess, Frau Holle, and her lover is the winter god, 'green man', who is often linked with Odin.  It is a plant of good luck and it was believed that by placing holly in your  house you would bring luck into the home.  As well as linking the Frau Holle, this plant was also believed to embody the goddess Freia, who is sometimes referred to as 'the Great Mother.

Mistletoe was held in high esteem, apparently because 'it grew upon the Oak, and derived its nourishment from this king of the Forest, which is dedicated to their God Thor.'  It was considered to be a sign of 'human dependence upon Deity' and it was custom to place the mistletoe upon Thor's altar.  It was also custom that 'anyone with a grievance against another could offer the offending party a sprig of Mistletoe.'  If the offender was forgiven they went to they took it to the offender's house and nailed the Mistletoe to the doorjamb.  The offender would then come out of their house and embrace the offended.  This is the origin of kissing beneath the Mistletoe.

Bringing in the Yule Log

The Yule Log is another Norse custom which survived Christianity.  It was a 'celebration of the triumph of light over darkness and the rebirth of the sun.'  Months before Christmas, an oak tree was chosen and cut down.  After being dried, horses and oxen would haul the huge logs back.  The whole family took part in the hauling as it was believed to protect them from witchcraft.  Sometimes the family decorated their Yule Log with evergreen, ribbon, and paper flowers.  The family would sing Yuletide songs as they hauled the logs home.  Sometimes, once the Yule Log was put in the fireplace, wine would be poured over it.  Prayers were siad and each person was given the opportunity to make a wish.  After this the Yule Log would be lit.  Its purpose was to chase away evil spirits and it was to be kept burning for the entire Christmas season, roughly twelve days.  If the Yule Log stopped burning at any point the family would have bad luck for the entire year to come.  The Norse believed that every spark from the Yule Log fire represented a new pig or calf which would be born in the following year.  The ash from the Yule Log was kept and sprinkled on the land to 'ensure the fertility of crops and livestock.'

Boar's Head

 During the Norse celebrations the father of the family would lay his hand on 'the boar of atonement,' which was a sacred dish, and he would swear that to be faithful to his family as well as promising to fulfill all of his obligations.  This was followed by everyone present.  It was believed that the dish could only be carved by a man with an impeccable reputation and courage.  The boar's head was considered a sacred symbol intended to inspire fear, which is why many Northern kings and warrior heroes of unquestionable bravery used them as ornaments for their helmets.  Unlike today, boar was the meat of choice for the feast.  Boar symbolized Freya, the Norse goddess of fertility, the rebirth of life, and the sun.

Mosaic depicting Mithras, 1st Century Roman

Mithraism

In the second century another festival spread to Rome.  This was Mithraism, a celebration of the Persian sun god, Mithra.  The Persians called Mithraism 'the feast of lights', or 'the night of light, and the birth-day of Mithras'.  Mithra was believed to have been born of December 25th and was said to reign 'in the middle zone between heaven and hell.'  He was the god of light and defender of truth, said to help 'the faithful fight [against] the powers of darkness'.  Unlike Yule and Saturnalia, only the king feasted, while the people sacrificed horses 'to assuage their invincible god.' 





Saturnalia

The Triumph of Saturn

While the Norse played a huge role in the traditions of Yule, the Romans also helped to inspire our modern Christmas customs.  They called this holiday Saturnalia.  Saturnalia was one of the great Roman festivals which took place in December and celebrated, amongst a number of things, the triumph of Saturn over Jupiter.  According to this belief, the reign of Saturn 'heralded the Golden Age in Rome.'  While Saturn did lose to Jupiter, Saturnalia was believed to bring his return and Rome was able, for the duration of Saturnalia, to relive the Golden Age if only for a brief time.  Saturn was associated with the sun, so, much like Norse traditions, this celebration siginified the return of the sun.

The Roman Empire first officially adopted the festival of Saturnalia and the birth of the sun on December 25th in the 3rd century.  Generally the celebrations started on December 17th and lasted through to December 24th.  The Romans decorated their homes with greenery,fruit, and nuts, lit their fires and candles, gave gifts to one another, and played games which imitated a role reversal of the established order.  The Romans also decorated trees to honour their gods.  Evergreen trees were associated with everlasting life and were thought to connect people with nature and life.  Saturnalia was followed by the New Year festival of Kalendae, where the Romans would continue their celebrations during the first few days of January.  This festival took place 12 days after the winter solstice and may be the origin of the twelve days of Christmas.

Romans of the Decadence by Thomas Coutures

Throughout the celebration, no one worked except those that provided food, drink, or entertainment.  It was a time in which masters and slaves became equals and all took part in feasting, dancing and gambling.  Candles were used to chase away the darkness, ward off evil, to celebrate light, and to convince the sun to shine again. 

The Roman Goddess Strenia

Gifts were given in honour of Strenia, the goddess of vegetation.  The people believed that it was of the upmost importance to honour one of the gods who brought about the harvest during winter.  To begin with, gifts consisted of produce and baked goods.  Holly was believed to be a magical plant due to its shiny leaves and its ability to bear fruit even in the darkest winter.  Some believed that it contained a syrup which could cure a cough, while others believed that hanging it above the bed would bring about good dreams.  It was a popular gift among the Romans, who later brought the plant to England.  Other gifts included twigs from a sacred grove, statues of gods, bread, and alcohol.  Over time, inedible gifts became more popular and elaborate.

It is believed by some that a combination of the Roman Saturnalia and the Persian Mithraism were the main inspirations for our modern Christmas.  'The fool's dance, the disguising, the general spirit of feasting, were all adopted from the Romans and Persians.  All our Christmas sports and even the Christmas pantomine is thus connected with the Roman Saturnalia.  The feast and merriment survived the belief in the Saturnian system... Had not the Romans observed this Saturnalia, it may be reasonably doubted if any Christmas festival would have been known among the modern nations.'

So, as you can see, many of our modern Christmas traditions are rooted in ancient characters and old festivals.  Saint Nicholas and Zwarte Piet, Odin, and
Thor all give us the characteristics of Santa Claus.  Santa's sleigh and flying reindeer probably find their origin in Norse traditions: Odin's flying horse, Slepnir, and Thor's chariot pulled by Cracker and Gnasher.  The elves too find their origin with the Norse, as Thor's helpers and the maker's of his hammer.  Stockings hung above the fireplace come from Odin, who would replace the food left by the children with gifts, and Santa going up and down the chimney come from Thor, whose element was fire.  Thor is probably also responsible for Santa's home at the North Pole.  And then we have Old Man Winter, a personification of Odin, as our English Father Christmas.

Waiting for Santa by LindArtz

 The Romans and the Norse are responsible for many of our traditions: decorating with evergreen plants, kissing under the Mistletoe, the Yule log, and the twelve days of Christmas.  And Persian's celebrations of their sun god, Mithra give us the date of one of the most popular festivals in the world.

That's all for today.  Next time I will give you some of my favourite stories and poems of Christmas.




Useful Resources
Hammer of Thor - Norse Mythology and Legends by H. A. Guerber
An enquiry into the origin of Christmas-Day by Israel Worsley
Santa's Book of Knowledge by Santa Al Horton
Odin as Santa and the Norse influence Christmas by Samatha Luccese
Jesus Is Not the Reason for the Season by Cheryl Sanchez
The Fires of Yule: A Keltelven Guide for Celebrating the Winter Solstice by Montague Whitsel
The Christmas Encyclopedia by William D. Crump
The Everything Family Christmas Book by Yvonne Jeffrey
Holidays and Holy Nights: Celebrating Twelve Seasonal Festivals of the Christian Year by Christopher Hill
Teach Us to Number Our Days: A Liturgical Advent Calendar by Barbara Dee Baumgarten
The Christmas Book: Christmas in the Olden Time, Its Customs and Their Origin published by James Pattie

Looking For King Arthur's Camelot - Caerleon: The City of Legions

 Reconstruction of Caerleon in the Roman period,

Caerleon: The City of Legions

Although Chretien de Troyes mentioned Caerleon and Camelot separately, Geoffrey of Monmouth tells of how Arthur held his Court at The City of Legions, and there is little doubt that this was Caerleon in Wales, although Geoffrey does not give it the name Camelot.


'...he [Arthur] pitched upon the City of Legions [Caerleon] as a proper place for his purpose. For besides its great wealth above the other cities, its situation, which was in Glamorganshire upon the river Uske, near the Severn sea, was most pleasant, and fit for so great a solemnity. For on one side it was washed by that noble river, so that the kings and princes from the countries beyond the seas might have the convenience of sailing up to it. On the other side, the beauty of the meadows and groves, and magnificence of the royal palaces with lofty gilded roofs that adorned it, made it even rival the grandeur of Rome. It was also famous for two churches; whereof one was build in honour of the martyr Julius, and adorned with a choir of virgins, who had devoted themselves wholly to the service of God; but the other, which was founded in memory of St. Aaron, his companion, and maintained a convent of canons, was the third metropolitan church of Britain. Besides, there was a college of two hundred philosophers, who, being learned in astronomy and the other arts, were diligent in observing the courses of the stars, and gave Arthur true predictions of the events that would happen at that time. In this place, therefore, which afforded such delights, were preparations made for the ensuing festival.'

 A close up of what the fortress wall might’ve been like.

With it's splendid Roman remains, Caerleon would have been an impressive place for Arthur to hold Court for important rulers.  We can also be fairly sure that only a professional army could have defended the Roman fortress ruins.  However, some believe Caerleon may have just been a meeting place for Arthur and so we should look at the surrounding hilltops for possible locations of his 'castle'.  Interestingly, such a site exists less than a mile north of the village - a fortification known as Belinstocke.

Caerleon is another site that is said to have a hidden cave where King Arthur and his knights slumber.  Here they are said to wait to be called on to save their country in its hour of need.  One local tale tells of a farmer who met a mounted man wearing a 3-cornered hat, who promised to show him something amazing.  He took the farmer to the middle of a woods, stopping in front of a sheer rock face.  He pushed a large boulder away to reveal a hidden cave.  The man led the farmer inside, passing two bells and descending into a huge underground cavern.  Here the farmer observed over a thousand knights, with King Arthur at their head.  All slept.  On leaving, the farmer knocked one of the two great bells, waking the sleeping men who immediately asked, 'Is is time?'  The man told them it was not yet time and that they should continue to sleep.  The knights returned to their slumber.  The man and the farmer left the cave, where they parted ways without a word.  The farmer is said to have searched for the cave many times but could never find it again.

Caerleon-Roman Prysg Field Barracks

In the preface of Le Mort d'Arthur by Sir Thomas Mallory, William Caxton tells us that Camelot is located in Wales, describing ruins of a city that sound much like Caerleon.

'...in Wales, in the town of Camelot, the great stones and the marvellous works of iron lying underground, and the royal vaults which many now living have seen.

This part of Wales, believed to be Gwent, became a Dark Age kingdom which was ruled by Atrwys ap Meurig, who is believed by some to be 'the real King Arthur'.

 Aerial view of Caerleon Roman amphitheatre

Caerleon is especially noted for Arthur's Table, the Roman amphitheatre, which is where King Arthur is said to have been appointed St. Dyfric as an Archbishop of St. Aaron's Cathedral in Caerleon.  When the Caerleon Excavation Committee formed in 1926, Sir Mortimer Wheeler, the Director of the National Museum in Wales, made the most of the connection between King Arthur's Round Table and the Roman amphitheatre, commenting that it was 'likely to attract considerable funds required for a long-term programme of work.'  Wheeler announced his project to the media, with the Daily Mail soon offering to give the Committee £1,000 for exclusive rights and daily reports of the excavation of''King Arthur's Round Table'.  By the time the agreement was made, the Daily Mail had tripled their offer and carried daily 'sensational' reports, despite Wheeler being accused of shameless exploitaton and no Dark Age remains were reported.

But Wheeler's connection between King Arthur's Round Table and the Roman amphitheatre was not the first.  In 1587, Thomas Churchyard wrote of the Roman amphitheatre at Caerleon:

In Arthur's tyme, a table round,
Was where at he sate:
As yet a plot of goodly ground,
Sets forth that rare estate...

 Caerleon Roman amphitheatre

And this is not the earliest connection between the two.  According to a French source, Chronique Religieus de St Denys, in 1405 the French army, who had landed at Milford Haven to support Owain Glyn Dwr in his uprising against the English Crown, went to Caerleon, once known as the legionary fortress Isca.  They are then said to have visited 'The Round Table of Arthurian legend', which was in fact the Roman amphitheatre.  Those that believe Caerleon is a contender for Arthur's Camelot claim that the addition of Arthur's Table strengthens the theory.

King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table, painting by Michel Gantelet from 1472. 

That's it for today.  Tomorrow we will look at one more potential contender for King Arthur's Camelot.  Until next time.


Useful Resources

Le Morte D'Arthur by Sir Thomas Malory
Historia Refum Britanniae [History of the Kings of Britain] by Geoffrey of Monmouth
King Arthur: The Truth Behind the Legend by Rodney Castleden
Revealing King Arthur: Swords, Stones and Digging for Camelot by Christopher Gidlow
Caerleon and Arthur